Western Lowland Gorilla Facts

The western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) is one of two subspecies of western gorillas The other subspecies is the Cross River gorilla. Of the two subspecies, the western lowland gorilla is more numerous. Its also the only subspecies of gorilla kept in zoos, with few exceptions. Fast Facts: Western Lowland Gorilla Scientific Name: Gorilla gorilla gorillaDistinguishing Features: Relatively small gorilla with dark brownish black hair and large skull. Mature males have white hair on their backs.Average Size: 68 to 227 kg (150 to 500 lb); males about twice the size of femalesDiet: HerbivorousLife Span: 35 yearsHabitat: Western sub-Saharan AfricaConservation Status: Critically EndangeredKingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: MammaliaOrder: PrimatesFamily: HominidaeFun Fact: The western lowland gorilla is the only subspecies kept in zoos, with very rare exceptions. Description Gorillas are the largest apes, but western lowland gorillas are the smallest gorillas. Males are considerably larger than females. An adult male weighs between 136 and 227 kg (300 to 500 lbs) and stands up to 1.8 m (6 ft) tall. Females weigh between 68 and 90 kg (150 to 200 lb) and stand around 1.4 m (4.5 ft) tall. The western lowland gorilla has a larger, wider skull than a mountain gorilla and dark brownish black hair. Young gorillas have a small white rump patch until they are about four years old. Mature males are called silverback males because they have a saddle of white hair across their backs and extending onto the rump and thighs. Western lowland gorillas, like other primates, have unique fingerprints and nose prints. Distribution As their common name suggests, western lowland gorillas live in western Africa at low elevations ranging from sea level to 1300 meters. They inhabit rain forests and forested areas of swamps, rivers, and fields. Most of the population lives in the Republic of the Congo. The gorillas also occur in Cameroon, Angola, Congo, Gabon, Central African Republic, and Equatorial Guinea. Gorilla species distribution. Fobos92 Diet and Predators Western lowland gorillas are herbivores. They preferentially select fruit that is high in sugar and fiber. However, when fruit is scarce, they eat leaves, shoots, herbs, and bark. An adult gorilla eats about 18 kg (40 lb) of food per day. The gorillas only natural predator is the leopard. Otherwise, only humans hunt gorillas. Social Structure The gorillas live in groups of one to 30 gorillas, usually averaging between 4 and 8 members. One or more adult males lead the group. A group stays within a home range of 8 to 45 square kilometers. Western lowland gorillas are not territorial and their ranges overlap. The lead silverback organizes eating, resting, and traveling. While a male may make an aggressive display when challenged, gorillas are generally nonaggressive. Females engage in sexual behavior even when they are non-fertile to compete with other females. Young gorillas spend their time playing, much like human children. Reproduction and Life Cycle The reproductive rate of western lowland gorillas is very low. In part, this is because females dont reach sexual maturity until age 8 or 9 and dont reproduce when caring for young. As in humans, gorilla gestation lasts about nine months. A female gives birth to one infant. An infant rides on its mothers back and depends on her until it is about five years old. Occasionally, a male commits infanticide to gain a opportunity to mate with its mother. In the wild, a western lowland gorilla may live 35 years. Females care for young until they are around five years of age. Willis Chung / Getty Images Conservation Status and Threats The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists the western gorilla as critically endangered, which is the last category before global extinction in the wild. Only about 250 to 300 of the Cross River gorilla species are believed to remain, while estimates place the number of western lowland gorillas around 300,000 in 2018. While this may seem like a relatively large number of gorillas, the population size continues to dwindle and the animals face serious threats. Challenges facing the western lowland gorilla include deforestation; loss of habitat to human encroachment for settlements, farming, and grazing; climate change; slow reproductive rate coupled with infertility; and poaching for trophies, folk medicine, and bushmeat. Disease may pose an even greater threat to gorillas than other factors. Western lowland gorillas are one of the zoonotic origin of HIV/AIDs, which infects gorillas in a similar fashion as it does humans. Gorillas suffered over 90% mortality from an Ebola epizootic in 2003 to 2004 that killed two-thirds of the species population. Gorillas are also infected with malaria. While the outlook for wild western lowland gorillas appears grim, the species acts as a seed disperser, making it key to the survival of many other species in its habitat. Worldwide, zoos maintain a population of about 550 western lowland gorillas. Sources Darc, Mirela; Ayouba, Ahidjo; Esteban, Amandine; Learn, Gerald H.; Bouà ©, Vanina; Liegeois, Florian; Etienne, Lucie; Tagg, Nikki; Leendertz, Fabian H. (2015). Origin of the HIV-1 group O epidemic in western lowland gorillas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (11): E1343–E1352. doi:10.1073/pnas.1502022112Haurez, B.; Petre, C. Doucet, J. (2013). Impacts of logging and hunting on western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) populations and consequences for forest regeneration. A review. Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Socià ©tà © et Environnement. 17 (2): 364–372.Mace, G.M. (1990). Birth Sex Ratio and Infant Mortality Rates in Captive Western Lowland Gorillas. Folia Primatologica. 55 (3–4): 156. doi:10.1159/000156511Maisels, F., Strindberg, S., Breuer, T., Greer, D., Jeffery, K. Stokes, E.  (2018).  Gorilla gorilla ssp. gorilla  (amended version of 2016 assessment).  The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species  2018: e.T9406A136251508.   doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T9406A136251508.enRogers, M. Elizabeth; Abernethy, Kate; Bermejo, Magdalena; Cipolletta, Chloe; Doran, Diane; Mcfarland, Kelley; Nishihara, Tomoaki; Remis, Melissa; Tutin, Caroline E.G. (2004). Western gorilla diet: A synthesis from six sites. American Journal of Primatology. 64 (2): 173–192. doi:10.1002/ajp.20071

case Study From Saga to Proton - 1994 Words

ACC 4291 INTEGRATED CASE STUDY SECTION 1 CASE REPORT CASE 3: PROTON – FROM SAGA TO EXORA Question 1 From a financial analyst perspective, has the proton management done a good job? Based on the financial performance of PROTON from 2005 till 2009, our observation from a financial analysis perspective showed that Proton management has not done a good job as far as financial performance is concern. The Key Financial Indicators (KFIs) covers measurements such as basic earnings per share, net assets per share; dividend paid as well as retained earnings carried forward. At a glimpse, almost all the KPI of Proton shows decrement throughout the years. Basic earnings per share (EPS) fluctuated vastly from 2005 to 2009. Proton recorded highest†¦show more content†¦On its own, PROTON has limited funds for research and development. Therefore collaborating with bigger automotive players lend research and development (RD) capabilities would be very beneficial, particularly in production of hybrid and electrical vehicles. Question 3 What broad consideration should determine the part of proton that are worth keeping and developing and matter of operation needs to be relocated or closed down? Proton needs to reconstruct its business structure by forgoing some part of business which are not worth keeping and expand those activities which generates ample profit. After analyzing Protons overall condition, firstly, the partnership with Lotus has helped Proton in strengthening the engineering, providing Proton an edge in Europe. Since Lotus is a British company that builds sports car, they have very well developed motor engineering technology which might be a gold opportunity for Proton to move forward and create more elegant and high-performance car models. In, Lotus even appeared in the Paris Auto Show 2010 with five slick looking sport cars. In order to move forward, Proton should seriously invest in RD with its strategic partner Lotus, to strengthen quality which they are unable to do themselves. In order to draw sales, you have to know how to attractShow MoreRelatedProton Supply Chain Challenges7696 Words   |  31 PagesPaper : Proton Supply Chain Challenges Table of Contents 1.0 Company Background 1-4 2.0 Problem Statement 5-7 3.0 Significant of Study 8-10 4.0 Proton Supply Chain Weaknesses 11-18 5.0 Recommendation 19-29 6.0 Conclusion 30 7.0 References 31-32 1.0) Company Background First national car, Proton Saga project was formed embark from the Look East Policy. Perusahaan Otomobil Nasional Sendirian Berhad (PROTON) wasRead MorePEST Analysis of Proton1769 Words   |  8 Pages 1.0 INTRODUCTION: PEST is a study which is apprehensive by describing the exterior of ecological manipulates on a company. 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The Cost Of Medicare And Reduce Its Proportion Of The...

Several suggestions have been proposed to cut the cost of Medicare and reduce its proportion of the federal budget. These include; a) The introduction of voucher system that would enable for the more privatization in the offering of insurance policies for Medicare. b) Increasing the Medicare revenues by raising the payroll taxes that are charged on the beneficiaries. Unhealthy lifestyle choices like smoking also need to be penalized by Medicare so as to reduce the many claims related to such habits. c) Cutting down the Medicare expenses through elimination of frauds, raising of eligibility age to 67, and seeking program discounts from medical companies like drug manufacturers. Fraud and waste of resources allocated for Medicare pose major risks to the program. Medicare is very vulnerable to a number of frauds majorly due to the fact that the program is hardly audited. Medicare scams occur in various ways that include phantom billing where healthcare providers demand money from Medicare for services not offered. The other form of fraud happens in the shape of patient billing where the patients collude with scammers to claim for kickbacks for false medical treatments. The last type of fraud is the upcoding scheme and unbundling, where bills are inflated by claiming that a patient needs more valuable services or procedures than the existing. The government has been sensitizing the general public on the need to avoid such frauds by not disclosing their Medicare card details toShow MoreRelatedCase Assignment: The US Economy1338 Words   |  5 Pagescould be used to stimulate the economy? Be sure to review Obamas 2011 Budget Proposal (NY Times). Are there any s pecific areas that you would change? The bulk of President Obamas budget is currently devoted to defense spending and entitlement spending (Carter Cox 2011). 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Comparing Shakespeare s Hamlet And Blake s Song Of...

Compare the ways in which Shakespeare’s Hamlet and Blake’s Song of Innocence poems have explored the theme of religion. Religion in Shakespeare’s Hamlet, is questioned directly throughout the play whereas Blake’s poetry indirectly queries religion and implies that it’s God that will lead your soul to a happier life. This is evident in Blake’s poetry as he portrays God as a helpful being but makes the audience contemplate the negative connotations around his religious imagery; such as the angel in The Chimney Sweeper (henceforth referenced as SOI) can be portrayed as an oppressive agent because he is ordering Tom to do an undesirable job. This connects to the fact Blake disapproved of the Enlightenment, where he favored personal rather than institutional religious experience, so his religious views were considered unorthodox. Shakespeare’s Hamlet was written to illustrate fundamental problems of the Renaissance because the dominant religion fragmented from Catholic to Protestant. The changing attitudes and confusion led to people questioning religion which is highligh ted throughout play. Initially, the ideas of religious innocence and purity in Blake’s poem SOI are features in Shakespeare’s characters Ophelia and Hamlet. Hamlet is used to undermine Ophelia’s religious purity and innocence, because she’s disregarded her faith. This is shown in two Acts; firstly, ‘†¦ Beauty will sooner transform honesty from what it is to a bawd than the force of honesty†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ and ‘Get thee to aShow MoreRelatedBusiness and Management2600 Words   |  11 Pagesat the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Barnet, S., Cain, W.E., Burto, W. (2011). Literature for composition: Essays, stories, poems, and plays (9th ed.). New York, NY: Longman. All electronic materials are available on the student website. |Week One: Elements of Literature—Stories Read MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesbuilt-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul SingaporeRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesmanaging, organizing and reflecting on both formal and informal structures, and in this respect you will find this book timely, interesting and valuable. Peter Holdt Christensen, Associate Professor, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark McAuley et al.’s book is thought-provoking, witty and highly relevant for understanding contemporary organizational dilemmas. The book engages in an imaginative way with a wealth of organizational concepts and theories as well as provides insightful examples from the

Truman Show and Pleasantville Essay - 2023 Words

The Truman Show and Pleasantville essay Satire is defined as biting wit, irony or sarcasm used to expose vice or folly. Many literary or theatrical and cinematic works have these qualities. They make ridicule of any fault or foolish act in society, often in the form of comedy. In the films The Truman Show and Pleasantville, satire is used to portray many faults as well as different aspects of modern society. Cinematography is the art or technique of movie photography, including both the shooting and development of the film. Cinematography has been utilized in both Pleasantville and The Truman Show to satirise and ridicule modern society. Pleasantville and The Truman Show’s story lines build on many similarities: David and Jennifer are†¦show more content†¦In Pleasantville there is a scene where there are crosscuts between Bud and a coloured Margret, who are hugging each other, and a ‘black and white’ boy from school. The boy asks Bud why he isn’t at the town meeting and also why he is with a â€Å"coloured† girl. This scene describes segregation and prejudice executed by human beings. In Pleasantville, Margaret is racially abused because she is â€Å"coloured†. This is an incident, which occurs, in our everyday lives. People are discriminated against because of their colour, race, gender, religion and beliefs. The coloureds in Pleasantville are discriminated against just because they are coloured individuals. This describes how some people in modern society ignorantly and stubbornly discriminate, bully and hate individuals just because they are different to them. They also refuse to be friendly to individuals who are discriminated against just because it would be, being different to everyone else. They are scared that they also might suffer a form of discrimination because they are friendly with an individual who is different to society. For this reason people resist change. Society is afraid that change might bring discomfort upon them. One of the main scenes, which must be included is the scene where Pleasantville citizens are burning the town’s books. There is a high angle shot of the books being burned as well as cross cuts on the faces of the people showing horrorShow MoreRelatedThe Cinematic Features Displayed in Pleasantville and The Truman Show1733 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cinematic Features Displayed in Pleasantville and The Truman Show The following essay, which I have composed, is based on two important films of the last decade. Their titles are Pleasantville and The Truman Show. Starting with the Pleasantville, the general overview of the films plot gets more complicated the further you get into it. It brings up several issues all of which I have commented on in this essay. The film starts with two teenagers, David andRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Brave New World By Aldous Huxley Essay1362 Words   |  6 Pagesrecession down the work tables.† Compare/Contrast Essay- The movie I am comparing A Brave New World, by Aldous Huxley, to is The Truman Show. Both The Truman Show and A Brave New World focus heavily on subconsciously conforming to rules of society. There are clear differences between the two, although they are quite similar in theme. Which is, it is natural for humans to conform to any environment they are put into. The Truman Show features Truman Burbank. When his mother had him, she did not want

Animals and Language free essay sample

Birds, bees, bats, apes, worms, even humans have a communication system. We all share the art of language in one form or another. Some scientists say that language is what sets humans apart from every other species. Other researchers wonder if animals can learn the human language. What sets us apart from animals? What set us apart are the rules and grammars that we human have, which makes it not possible for animals to learn the human language. Another factor that contributes to why animals cannot learn human language or why people believe they do is due to the anatomic structure of animals and also due to operant conditioning. These factors will prove why animals cannot learn language. Many animals use gestures, grunts, dances, whistles, or even cry to send a message to their other members. Humans have an unbounded discrete combinatorial system. We are able to take many morphemes, combine them together to make other meaningful words. Also, humans have rules and structures which enable us to make sentences. Even with American Sign Language, this language has its own structures and rules. Most animals, such as chickadees, bees’ bats, and other types of birds, are bounded animals. These animals cannot construct new messages. Their way of communication is either through calling or singing. Another example would be the honeybees. Honeybees communicate through dancing. It is evident to show that honeybees do have a discrete combinatorial system. Honeybees are able to put together different dances to convey a message but they are bounded. Animals that have discrete structures are bounded and those that are bounded are discrete. A study was done on an African Grey parrot named Alex. He was taught many symbols, colors, and numbers. Alex did not have that intelligibility to construct long sentences. Alex had the same intelligence of that of a five year old. His level of intelligibility remained constant. After early attempts to teach chimpanzee’s oral language, many researchers such as Gardners researchers have turned to sign language. The Gardners raised a chimp named Washoe and tried teaching her sign language. As time progressed, Washoe had acquired roughly around 160 signs. Once Washoe learned a certain sign, she used that sign to ask for more of what she wanted. For example, the sign she learned to ask for more tickling was the same sign she used to ask for more food or to play. Sarah was another chimp that was taught language by using symbols to represent a word or meaning. Because the symbols were right in front of her face, Sarah was able to arrange the symbols to make some sort of sentence. When Sarah was not given her signs, she was mute, unable to communicate. Nim was also a chimp who was taught language. As he grew, his sentences were still that of a 2-3 year old child. Also Nim was able to learn through imitation. Most of his language came from imitating his teachers. Through imitation, chimpanzees were also able to learn language. In the article, How Nim Chimpsky Changed My Mind, Terrace stated that Nims length of utterances recorded when he was 22 months remained constant. Terrace also stated after Nims return from New York, the average length of Nims utterance was between 1. 1 and 1. 6 signs. As Nim grew, his utterance did not increase like that of a child. One major reason why apes are not able to produce speech is due to the anatomic structure of their vocal folds. The human vocal folds are low in the neck, whereas the vocal folds of apes are high in the neck just like that of a newborn baby. Because our larynx is lower in the neck, humans are able to make speech possible by allowing greater diversity of vowels to contract in our vocal folds. We humans may believe that the chimpanzees are able to understand grammar and are able to use it correctly but they do not. Psychologist Terrace stated that what seemed like a conversation from humans point of view was actually an attempt for the chimpanzees to communicate â€Å"their demand quickly†. Through research, it is evident to see that animals cannot learn language. If they do learn language, they do so due to operant conditioning. If a researcher rewards a chimp for every time that chimp or animal is grammatically correct, that animal will always use that sign, symbol, etc. o obtain his/her reward. No one can say or it has not been proven that animals can learn a language. Washoe and Nim signed to obtain a reward. Alex, the parrot, was rewarded nuts when he performed a task. Rico, the Border collie was also rewarded when he fetched the right item. Because of operant conditioning, many animals familiarize themselves with items they are asked to point out or fetch. Wit hout operant conditioning of some sort, many animals that have been studied would not have learned language. So can animals learn language? Yes they can depend what definition of language you apply. It is proven to see that animals can learn vocabulary. Alex the parrot learned many vocabulary words; Washoe and Nims also learned words through ASL. Children are not taught language, they acquire it. In the case of animals such as Kanzi, Nim, Washoe and other species, these animals have to be taught explicitly. They have to be taught either directly or indirectly. Even after being taught, they may produce complex meaningful communication combination but they will not possess full blown language structures and rules that we human possess. References

Reconstruction Was it truly beneficial Essay Example For Students

Reconstruction Was it truly beneficial Essay Reconstruction was a time period, following the Civil War, which focused on rebuilding the nation. Reconstruction was primarily focused with readmitting the seceded states into the Union. Another major issue was the condition of the approximately 4 million freedmen. When slavery was abolished in the Thirteenth Amendment, Southerners used black codes to retain control over blacks. These state laws varied in strictness and detail from state to state; they abased the status of the freedmen by regulating their activities and treating them as social and civil inferiors. Generally black codes were not beneficial, because the supposedly freedmen were treated little more than slaves. Furthermore, to define the status of freed men and women and control their labor, some legislatures merely revised large sections of the slave codes by substituting the word freedmen for slave. (pg. 448 Nortan) Congress would not stand for such injustice. In 1865 the Freedmens Bureau was established. The Freedmens Bureau is considered by many to be a failure because blacks were living in poverty and were still victims of injustice. Despite the many criticisms, the Freedmens Bureau did help African-Americans gain numerous humanitarian reforms, most importantly the right of education. Slaves had been denied of such simple rights as to read a book at their own will. Education was freedom from slaverys incarcerating ignorance. The federal government and northern reformers of both races assisted this pursuit of education. Given the eventual failure of Reconstruction, the gains that African-Americans made in their daily lives often proved the most enduring. pg 460 Nortan In spite of its achievements, the Freedmens Bureau did not solve the serious economic problems of African Americans. Most of them continued to live in poverty. They also suffered from racist threats and violence and from laws restricting their civil rights. All these problems cast a deep shadow over their new freedom. Violence against African-Americans occurred from the first days of the Reconstructionklansmen rode to frustrate Reconstruction and keep the freedman in subjection. Nighttime harassment whippings, beatings, and murder became common, and terrorism dominated some areas. Nortan Pg. 458 In spite of its achievements, the Freedmens Bureau did not solve the serious economic problems of African Americans. Most of them continued to live in poverty. They also suffered from racist threats and violence and from laws restricting their civil rights. All these problems cast a deep shadow over their new freedom. (http://www.campus. northpark.edu/history/WebChron/USA/14Ammend.html) Bibliography: (http://www.campus.northpark.edu/history/WebChron/USA/14Ammend. html) .